The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-two years later Feeny et al 1990

a more explicit attack on the public private dichotomy, introducing 'communal' management as a third option, and arguing for its seriousness and viability.

"In the Japanese case, forest and meadow lands and iffigation works were held as communcal property while crop lands were held privately. This is not an isolated example of the co-existence of two property-rights regimes. There are other cases indiating hte ability of uses to match approrpiately the resource with the regime (netting 1976). In some sociedties, the same resource may alternate back and forth between communal and privvate control seasonally or over the long tern (Bauer 1987, Vondal 1987; Acheson 1989 Wade 1986 1987)"